Six datasets from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia/multi-country, Mexico, and Peru — categories by dimension
| Category | AR PEMPS (1983–2020) | BR Tatagiba & Galvão (2003–2016) | CL COES/OC (2009–2018) | AR·BR·CL·CO CLACSO 2019 | MX LAOMS (2012–2016) | PE BEPP (1980–2023) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Approach | Multi-level: broad org type → sub-type (up to 5 entries per event) | Social group (15 categories) + mobilized base (6 codes) + organization name | Social group (P13, 30+ codes) + org name (P17) | Actor type (8 sectors) + specific name | Named organizations (up to 5) + sector (15+ categories) | Actor type (individual/org) + sector + specific actor code (100+ actors) |
| Labor / union | Sindical (education, health, public admin, judiciary, industry, services, agriculture, confederations); Empresarial (industry, commerce, services, agro, media); Tercerizados; Autoconvocados | Trabalhadores (formal/informal, urban/rural); Aposentados; Empregadores; Desempregados | Public sector workers (P13:12); Private sector workers (13); Self-employed/SME (14); Indeterminate (15); Unemployed (16); Retirees (17) | Trabajadores urbanos; Trabajadores rurales; Sindicatos; Organizaciones de desocupados/piqueteros; Sectores patronales | Sindicalismo público / Sindicalismo privado; Trabajadores asalariados; Jubilados | Actores laborales by sector: Agropecuario, Educativo, Salud, Pesquero, Transporte, Extractivo (miners, oil), Bancario, Comercial, Judicial, Eléctrico, Comunicaciones, otros; Org. laborales: Central sindical (CGTP, CITE, CTP, CUT) |
| Civil society / community | Civil (students, indigenous peoples, human rights, retirees, gender/diversity, neighborhood assoc., professionals, environmentalists, prisoners, parents, victims' relatives, religious, ex-combatants, collectives, consumers); Desocupados/Piquetera (sindical, partidaria, autonomista); Socioterritorial; Cooperativas; Multisectorial | Ambientalistas; Coletivos / grupos ad hoc; Direitos humanos; Difuso (unidentified crowd); Familiares e amigos de vítimas; Grupos antipetistas; Indígenas; LGBT; Moradores; Movimentos de esquerda; Mulheres; Negros; Presos; Religiosos; Estudantes | Women (P13:2); Youth (3); Elderly (4); Indigenous-mapuche (5); Indigenous-other (6); Immigrants (8); University students (9); Secondary students (10); Party affiliates (19); Residents/neighbors (21); Religious groups (22); Prisoners (23); Patients/health users (24); Animal rights (25); Disability groups (26); LGBTQ (27) | Org. sociales sectoriales; Fundaciones/Think Tank; Org. vecinales/territoriales; Org. Derechos Humanos; Estudiantes; Profesionales educación; Líderes estudiantiles; Artistas/intelectuales; Mov. mujeres; Mov. minorías; Mov. ecologistas; Mov. indígenas; Mov. campesinos; Mov. guerrilleros; Partidos Políticos; Burocracias/Fuerzas de seguridad; Grupos religiosos; Grupos antipoliticos conservadores; Empresariales; Actor red social; Medios de comunicación | Afectados y damnificados; Campesinos; Estudiantil; Indígenista; Feminismo; LGBTTI; Ecologista; Derechos humanos; Pobladores urbanos; Jubilados; Otros especializados (432 org. database) | Actores sociales: Comunidades campesinas (indigenous communities, peasant communities, rondas campesinas); Personas privadas de libertad (prisoners, families); Víctimas (patients, violence victims, disabled, disaster victims, refugees); Ciudadanía (parents, pobladores, AAHH residents, LGBT, users); Operadores políticos (party affiliates, authorities); Población desempleada; Pensionistas; Turistas; Org. sociales: Sociedad civil (frentes de defensa, colectivos, asociaciones civiles, comités, coordinadoras, federaciones, movimientos) |
| Political / institutional | Partidaria; Fuerzas de seguridad | Militantes de Partidos (in mobilized base code) | Party affiliates (P13:19); Security forces/police (20) | Partidos Políticos; Presidente/ejecutivo; Poder Judicial; Líderes oposición; Burocracia/fuerzas de seguridad | Not separately coded as actors | Operadores políticos: Partidarios políticos; Autoridades electas |
| Category | AR PEMPS | BR Tatagiba & Galvão | CL COES/OC | Multi CLACSO 2019 | MX LAOMS | PE BEPP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Approach | Dichotomous flags (9 thematic categories) + detailed demand codes (up to 6 per event) | 11 thematic categories (multiple, up to 4 per event) | Hierarchical numeric codes (up to 5 per event) + stance valence (maintain/change/unclear) | 12 thematic categories (single or multiple) | Thematic classification (multiple) + full free text | 7 top-level reclamos + 50+ sub-reclamos (up to 3 per event) |
| Labor / economic | d_trabajo: wage increases, back pay, other wages, work conditions, job maintenance, contract fulfillment; d_economica: macroeconomy, sectoral | Salário e condições de trabalho; Política econômica e setorial | 0100–0199 labor demands: wages, conditions, union rights; 0900 economic policy | Mercado de trabajo, laboral y/o salarial; Política económica | Justicia laboral; Derechos sindicales; Economía | Reclamos laborales (101–110): aumentos salariales, reposición, pagos atrasados, condiciones, bonificaciones, nombramientos, puestos, estabilidad, recategorización; Reclamos económicos (701–709): presupuesto, precios, impuestos, créditos, protección producción nacional |
| Political / governance | d_politica: political personnel, democratic functioning, representation | Governo e sistema político (incl. impeachment, corruption, democracy, media) | 0300–0399 political: elections, corruption, dictatorship; 1100 human rights / state violence; 1200 justice system | Institucionalidad Política; Justicia; DD.HH. | Justicia; Represión; Derechos políticos | Reclamos políticos (601–613): cumplimiento pactos, rechazo privatización, rechazo/promulgación normas, destitución funcionarios/autoridades, ejecución reformas, erradicación coca, resultados electorales, participación electoral |
| Social / welfare | d_bienestar: education, health, social security; d_seguridad: public security; d_justicia: judiciary | Políticas sociais (salud y educación); Justiça, direitos humanos e segurança; Condiciones de vida en ciudades (housing, transport, urban services) | 0200–0299 education; 0500–0599 health; 0600–0699 social security; 1400 other (disabled, elderly, poverty, religious, sports) | Seguridad Social; Educación Pública; Salud Pública; Seguridad; Defensa del Consumidor; Pobreza/desigualdad | Derechos sociales; Educación; Salud; Seguridad | Reclamos de servicios (401–410): salud, beneficios sociales, seguridad, transporte, saneamiento, vivienda, alimentación, educación, irrigación, proyectos desarrollo |
| Environment / territory | d_ambiente: environment protection | Meio ambiente e desenvolvimento; Terra (land, indigenous, agrarian reform) | 0400–0499 environmentalist: ecology, anti-mining, pro-nature; 0800–0899 regionalist/local (NIMBY, urban planning, infrastructure) | Ecología y Medio Ambiente | Ecologista; Territorio indígena; Recursos naturales | Reclamos ambientales (201–204): retiro empresa, reparaciones daños, protección naturaleza, suspensión concesiones; Reclamos territoriales (301–305): adjudicación tierras, defensa territorio, zonificación, límites |
| Identity / rights | d_genero: gender equality | Gênero, diversidade sexual e raça | 0700–0799 values (abortion, euthanasia, divorce); 0900–0999 sexual minorities; 1000–1099 anti-immigrant/ethnic groups | Género y Feminismos; DD.HH. | Feminismo; LGBTTI; Indígenista; Migrantes; Derechos humanos | Not a primary top-level category; partially covered under Ciudadanía actors (LGBT, victims) |
| Category | AR PEMPS | BR Tatagiba & Galvão | CL COES/OC | Multi CLACSO 2019 | MX LAOMS | PE BEPP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Approach | Dichotomous flags (10 formats) + detailed codes (up to 5 per event) | Forma de ação (multiple); Repertório coded per event | 35-item numeric taxonomy (P29, up to 6 per event), organized in 5 groups: conventional, symbolic/ceremonial, artistic, disruptive non-violent, violent | 17-item list (single primary format) | Single classification (Pacífico / Violento / Both) + 15-item list (multiple per event) | 29 distinct action types (single or multiple per event) |
| Conventional / expressive | Manifestación; Petitorio; Expresivos; Escrache; Cacerolazo | Manifestação; Passeata; Ato / Comício; Vigília; Carta aberta; Cartazes / bandeiras | P29: 1-Convocatoria/rueda de prensa; 2-Firma de petición; 3-Marcha/procesión/concentración; 4-Vigilia/rezos; 12-Rezos/símbolos religiosos; 13-Vigilia silenciosa; 14-Festejos colectivos | Manifestación (desplazamiento personas); Asamblea (reunión en un lugar); Entrega Petitorio/Juntada de Firmas; Solicitada en la prensa; Exhibición leyendas y carteles; Cacerolazo/Acción ruidosa; Ciberprotesta | Marcha; Mitin; Plantón; Caravana; Acciones artísticas; Ciberactivismo; Desobediencia civil | Marcha; Mitin; Vigilia; Cacerolazo; Quemas; Lanzamiento de objetos; Protesta simbólica; Lavados; Pasacalle/caravana; Entrega petición; Dolor autoinfligido; Olla común |
| Disruptive non-violent | Huelga; Toma; Corte de calles/rutas; Motín | Greve; Ocupação; Bloqueio / paralisação; Interdição de via | P29: 18-Huelga/paro; 19-Ocupación de edificio/espacio; 20-Bloqueo vía; 21-Corte suministro; 22-Huelga de hambre; 23-Paralización (go-slow); 24-Boicot; 25-Acampada | Corte/piquete/impedimento circulación; Huelga; Toma u ocupación lugar; Boicot; Lockout (cierre empresarial); Huelga de hambre; Acuartelamiento; Motín (carcelario) | Bloqueo; Huelga; Campamento; Toma de instalaciones | Paro; Huelga; Bloqueo de vías; Plantón; Toma de local; Huelga de hambre; Encadenamiento/cerco; Boicot; Abandonos; Secuestro/rehenes |
| Violent / confrontational | Not separately coded as tactics; captured via actor type (e.g., Piquetera) | Confronto físico; Quebra-quebra; Vandalismo; Incêndio; Arremesso de objetos | P29: 26-Disturbios/barricadas; 27-Destrucción propiedad; 28-Incendios; 29-Saqueo; 30-Explosivos/armas; 31-Agresiones entre manifestantes; 32-Enfrentamientos contra-manifestantes; 33-Ataques a fuerzas seguridad; 34-Ataques transeúntes; 35-Toma de rehenes | Saqueos | Violento (classification flag) | Enfrentamiento (between groups); Invasión; Destrucción propiedad; Motín (prison); Apedreamiento; Saqueo; Agresión física |
| Artistic / symbolic | Expresivos (flag) | Performance artística; Intervenção cultural; Flashmob | P29: 15-Performance artística (manifestantes); 16-Performance artística (profesionales); 17-Actividades simbólicas coordinadas (caceroleos, besatones, bicicletadas) | Happening (ocupación espacio público simbólica/artística) | Acciones artísticas; Ciberactivismo | Quemas simbólicas; Lavados; Protesta simbólica; Olla común |
| Category | AR PEMPS | BR Tatagiba & Galvão | CL COES/OC | Multi CLACSO 2019 | MX LAOMS | PE BEPP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Approach | Implicitly coded via demands; no dedicated target variable | Free text (government, business, institution named in event) | Dichotomous P14 flags (8 categories) + P15 sector text (demandado) + P18 sector text (demandante) | 16-category list (Destinatarios) | Grievance scope: Local / Regional / Nacional | Adversario taxonomy: 15 top-level types, 200+ specific institutions |
| Government | — | Government (federal, state, municipal) | P14a: National govt/authorities; P14b: Regional/local authorities | Gobierno nacional; Gobierno provincial/estadual; Gobierno local/ciudad; Poder Judicial; Poder Legislativo; Burocracia/Fuerzas Seguridad; Partidos Políticos | Scope flag (Nacional) | Poder Ejecutivo (Presidencia + 22 ministerios); Poder Legislativo (Congreso, comisiones); Poder Judicial; Gobierno Regional; Gobierno Local; Fuerzas armadas/policiales; Organismos constitucionales; Empresas del Estado |
| Private sector | — | Employers, corporations | P14c: Private companies (national/international) | Empleadores/patronales; Actor económico empresarial | Not coded separately | Empresas privadas (general); Empresas extractivas (specific mining, oil); Universidades privadas |
| Civil society / other | — | Media, political movements | P14d: Foreign govt; P14e: Educational institution; P14f: Health institution; P14g: Civil society actor | Trabajadores y sindicatos; Org. Sociedad Civil; Movimientos Sociales; Organismos Internacionales; Medios de comunicación | Not coded separately | Partidos Políticos; Organismos Internacionales; Iglesia; Organización gremial; Sociedad civil |
| Variable | AR PEMPS | BR Tatagiba & Galvão | CL COES/OC | Multi CLACSO 2019 | MX LAOMS | PE BEPP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Granularity | Specific location (up to 16 coded places + open field); Region (AMBA / interior / both / other) | City + state (table per city for multi-city events); federally-structured | Specific location + geolocation coordinates (P7); event-level + episode-level distinction | Country (AR/BR/CL/CO); city; region | State; Municipality; Specific location; Lat/Long coordinates; Precision level | Región (25 regions); Provincia (196 provinces); Distrito (1,874 districts) — hierarchical numeric codes |
| Urban/national scope | AMBA vs. interior coding; front-page/tapa as proxy for national salience | Multi-city table allows national-scope events; national vs. local distinguished by coverage | P8: Scope (local/regional/national); P9: Multi-location flag; P9a: Episode-level participation count | Country + city coded; multi-country dataset inherently comparative | Grievance_Scope (Local / Regional / Nacional); Grievance_Local (Y/N) | Region/province/district hierarchy; no explicit urban-rural or scope flag |
| Variable | AR PEMPS | BR Tatagiba & Galvão | CL COES/OC | Multi CLACSO 2019 | MX LAOMS | PE BEPP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant count | Raw N + ordinal scale: ≤100 / 101–500 / 501–3000 / >3000 | Raw N as reported; separate coding when organizer vs. police figures differ | Raw N (P11); episode total (P11a); ordinal P12: 1(very small) to 6(tens of thousands). Criteria: average of organizer and police figures | Ordinal: De cercanía (<50) / Reducidas (50–100) / Grandes (100–500) / Extensas (>500) | Raw N not coded; scale inferred from organizational data | Not coded in the BEPP codebook; referenced in manual |
| Duration | Days (raw) + binary: 1 day / more than 1 day | Start/end date per event; trajectory tracked via repeated event codes | Raw days (P6); binary distinction (single/multi-day); start–end dates for long events | Ordinal: 1 día / hasta 1 semana / hasta 1 mes / más de 1 mes / indeterminate | Raw days; Long_Event flag (Y/N); start/end dates | Not a primary variable in the codebook |
| Organizations | N_organizaciones (count); up to 5 typed org entries | Organization name(s) coded; base mobilizada classification | P16 (count formal orgs); P17 (names, up to 6) | Actor name + type; multiple entries allowed | Count + up to 5 named organizations; 432-org database | Org. laborales (confederations); Org. sociales (sociedad civil entities) — named and typed |
| Variable | AR PEMPS | BR Tatagiba & Galvão | CL COES/OC | Multi CLACSO 2019 | MX LAOMS | PE BEPP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Police / security presence | Not coded as a primary variable | Presença policial (Y/N); tipo de ação policial | P21: Police presence (Y/N); P22a–P22d: hand-to-hand, tear gas/water cannon, firearms, arrests | Violencia (Y/N binary) | Police_Intervention (Y/N); Police_Aggressions (Y/N); Encapsulations; Evictions; Blockades | Not separately coded; captured via action type (enfrentamiento) |
| Arrests / detentions | — | Detenções (N raw) | P23: N arrests; P24: ordinal estimate (2–9 / 10–49 / 50–99 / 100+) | — | Protesters_Detained (N) | — |
| Injuries / deaths | — | Feridos (N raw); Mortos (N raw); distinction by protesters vs. police | P25–P28: injured/killed — protesters, police, bystanders — raw N + ordinal estimate | — | Protesters_Injured; Protesters_Killed; Police_Injured; Police_Killed; Bystanders_Injured; Bystanders_Killed | — |
| State concessions / outcomes | — | Resultado (partial/full concession coded) | Not coded | — | Dialogue_Opened; Demands_Attended; Demands_Partially_Attended | — |
| Property damage | — | Danos patrimoniais (Y/N + type) | Not coded separately (covered in tactics P29) | — | Public_Property_Damage (Y/N); Private_Property_Damage (Y/N) | Destrucción propiedad (as action type 111) |
| Feature | AR PEMPS | BR Tatagiba & Galvão | CL COES/OC | Multi CLACSO 2019 | MX LAOMS | PE BEPP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Argentina | Brazil | Chile | Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia | Mexico | Peru |
| Period | 1983–2020 | 2003–2016 | 2009–2018 | 2019 only | 2012–2016 | 1980–2023 |
| N events | ~20,000+ | Not published | ~18,416 (2009–2018) | Multi-country sample | 583 | ~20,000+ |
| Source(s) | Clarín + La Nación | Folha de São Paulo | National + regional newspapers + Radio Bíobío | 3 newspapers per country (12 total) | La Jornada | La República, El Comercio, Expreso (combinations) |
| Unit of analysis | Single protest event (national scope) | Event (general table) + city-level entries per event | Action (single tactic in single place) + episode (coordinated multi-action) | Single protest event | Single protest event + article | Single protest event (action) |
| Political context var. | Presidencia (by name); Décadas | No explicit variable; derivable from dates | No explicit variable | No explicit variable | No explicit variable | Presidente (16 presidents coded) |
| Media salience | Tapa (front page Y/N) | Article section + repetition tracking | Media type (regional/national/radio); combined coverage flag | Source (newspaper name per country) | Article section; coverage days; URL | Newspaper combination codes (7 source combinations) |
| Unique features | Piquetera org sub-type; long historical depth; decade variable | Mobilized base (TERR/IDEN/OCUP/POLI) as event identifier; trajectory tracking via event code | Action vs. episode distinction; P20 conflict field taxonomy (PNUD-based); geolocation coordinates | Multi-country comparability built-in; actor descriptor typology (Lab/Osc/EdCul/Geco/Pol/Cons/Empr/MeRed) | Geolocation; outcome/concession coding; full text of demands; network-analysis ready (org database) | Most granular geographic (district level); most granular actor (100+ named actors); detailed adversary taxonomy (200+ institutions); sub-reclamo coding (~50 sub-categories) |